Retinitis, also known as inflammation of the retina, often accompanies systemic medical conditions, particularly infections and inflammatory diseases, posing a risk of vision loss. Infections by microbes such as cytomegalovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, and Candida are common causes, with risk factors including maternal infections, exposure to endemic areas, or immunocompromised states. Genetic factors can also contribute, as observed in Behçet disease. Numerous potential underlying causes of retinitis exist, and clinical information dictates diagnostic testing. The evaluation may include serologic testing for autoimmune or infectious diseases, polymerase chain reaction testing of intraocular fluid for various pathogens, ophthalmologic examinations, fluorescein fundus angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Management strategies involve topical or systemic medications tailored to the specific condition and patient needs, including antivirals or antibiotics, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive agents. Regular monitoring is crucial to assess treatment response and adjust therapy as necessary. This topic discusses the etiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of retinitis, providing healthcare professionals with knowledge of the diverse etiologies and presentations. By staying informed about the varying presentations and management approaches tailored to specific causes, clinicians can optimize patient care to prevent vision loss and safeguard ocular health.
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